The Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rule of Law - Essay ExampleNevertheless, under all contexts that the concept of the Rule of Law should be applied, it anticipates two major aspects fairness and equality. The meaning of the Rule of Law usher out be broken down into different contexts, where the first two contexts adheres to the proposition by Webley & Samuels, 2012, that The obtain of fairness is a doctrine, while the third context in which the Rule of Law can derive its meaning, is pitched on the other proposition by Webley & Samuels, 2012, that The recipe of law is a theory. Thus, the Rule of Law can be applied in the first context to mean according to the law. Under this context, the Rule of Law is then applied to mean that no several(prenominal), regardless of the social status or the position of power they hold in the society, can be subject to a form of punishment that is not in accordance with laws that are well established and clearly and procedurally defined3. This context of the finishing of the rule of law therefore means that any criminal charges leveled against an entity, be it an individual, a group or an organization must be in air with laws that are well-established and which are clearly understood by the entity, and whose bit is well known. Therefore, this context of the law anticipates the application of the law to be aligned with the existing doctrines. This prevents an individual or an entity from being punished for any violation that is not punishable by the law4. Relevant case Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156, 92 S. Ct. 839, 31 L. Ed. 2d one hundred ten 1972 The Papachristou v. Jacksonville is case in relation to a vagrancy ordinance enacted by the city of Jacksonville in Florida State, where the law prohibited a large form of freelance activities, which include strolling, wandering and moving from place to place, without any lawful intent or object5. The defendant, Papachristou, was among eight other individuals that were arrested and charg ed with vagrancy in a court of law in Jacksonville, city, for disorderly loitering. Upon an appeal in the United States Supreme Court, the court declared that the Jacksonville ordinance was largely vague constitutionally, since the ordinance did not create any tuberosity between the illegal and the innocent activities, thus could end-up criminalizing innocent movement activities such as walking at night or habitual movement which had no visible intent5. This vagueness granted the police arbitrary powers to determine which activities they would interpret as lawful, and which ones to declare innocent, following the lack of well-established laws, which are clearly understood by the entity, and whose procedure is well known5. The Supreme Court therefore held that the defendant would not be criminally liable, under such vague law. The second context under which the rule of law can be confidently applied is to mean rule under the law6. Here, the concept of the Rule of Law would therefore mean that no one is above the law, and thus no one has the freedom to apply law arbitrarily, even when such an entity is the one formulating such laws. Therefore, the second context of the rule of law anticipates that all individuals and entities will be subjected to equal treatment by the law, and thus no one can be favored, and no one can be prejudiced by the same law, regardless of

Goddesses in world religions and cultures Research Paper

Goddesses in world religions and cultures - Research Paper ExampleDivinity relates to the existence and our subsequent belief in God, Gods, and/or Goddesses. sundry(a) cultures have followed polytheistic and monotheistic ideals of divinity for centuries. Some still survive today and some do not. One such Deity representation which has kick the bucket a symbol rather than actual worship in the modern world is the Goddess Culture, or Goddess centered worships. Though it has manifested itself in pop culture, mass consumerism, and mixed outspread occult religions, it has powerful roots in practices of old.We know that civilizations cradle was hunting and agriculture. These two aspects were attributed to male and female counter agencys as part of a natural living arrangement. Women and agriculture were equated as being fertile, bringing forth new life and vitality. This gave way to perhaps a self-constructed notion of a female deity which was responsible for vegetative-ness. Though we m ay not see evidence of it in our current world surroundings, the European Goddess culture of old lasted for thousands of geezerhood and has managed to permeate into differing modern day contexts.The eventual suppression of Goddess worship came about as a result of a number of factors. Historians largely believe that the east dominance of Europe had a major impact. They brought biological knowledge of male procreation as well as their own mostly patriarchal value to Europe. This slow evolvement of thought coupled with male brute strength eventually came to replace the concept of the Divine Feminine and render her inferior to men. The situation was increase when the witch-hunts and witch-burnings of the Middle Ages began to take place all across Europe and America. These were the same women who were considered heretics, pagans, and followers of some unnatural nature religion.But prior to such suppression, somewhere during the pre-Christian era, polytheistic

Documentations strategy document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Documentations strategy document - Essay ExampleIt is without doubt that write up documents are simple to understand, move, and make procedure of. Also the use of a lot of documents on paper asshole considerably decrease efficiency and boost overheads in several ways. The Hurricanes Rita and Katrina radically present the perils for businesses that uphold records totally on the paper. Loads of businesses, together with dentists office, lawyer offices, colleges and schools, lost almost all their paper accounts. Comparable losses can take place during the event of thunderstorms, fires and blasts plus further natural calamities.Lets suppose if a business would keep as backup paper copies of each document inside a different location, still, it would face the extra test of keeping a track of the exact description of the documents. For instance, the IRS calls on oodles of industries to preserve paper documents for seven years and then annals or raze them. It is sometimes impossible to physically trail the age of the paper documents to assemble these policies and their obligations.The documents are effortless to lose or misplace. These Paper documents are complex to get your hands on in a suitable manner when the knob is over the phone, which implies that the Accounting department has got to suspend up, move towards the filing cabinet, recover the invoice, and then call the client back. The mislaid documents effect in longer searches. When a corporation is located in numerous locations, the admission becomes even more flexible. As an effect, the paper storeroom and recovery becomes the source of extensive manual assiduity and overheads, which increase as the amount of invoices amplifies. The investigation conducted by the Delphi Group (Delphi.com) denotes the extent of the test and outlayAlmost all corporations tend to use up a typical of $25,000 to fill up a classic four-drawer file cabinet $2,000 to uphold it every year. And, over the due time line of the

Left Realism Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Left pragmatism Theory - Essay ExampleContribution of Left Realism in the development of criminology can help shape nightspot in a better way.Left Realism set down a marker with the work of Lea and Young (1984). Left realism is a reaction against both lefts tendency to neglect victimisation among working class people and the conservatives extremely harsh social strategies. It is a perspective that attempts to explain and measuring rod street crime and propose short term policies to control it. It is an attack on left idealists who offer simplistic analyses based heavily on slavish Marxist and feminist views of the state and law, but who ignore street crime and offer no practical proposal for change.One of the basic elements of Left Realism theory is Left realists see working class crime as a serious problem for working class. Working class people atomic number 18 victimised from all directions in a capitalist society. Another element is Relative Deprivation Poverty experienced a s unfair (relative depravation when compared to someone else) creates discontent and discontent when there is no political solution leads to crime. So, relative depravation equals discontent, discontent plus lack of political solution equals crime.One of left realisms most positive contributions to criminology is the sq

Is debt a bad thing. Discuss the impact of debt on the housing market Essay

Is debt a bad thing. Discuss the impact of debt on the trapping market in the UK, with reference to (a) Levels of pesonal debt (b) Rent Arrears (c) Housing Association - Essay ExampleThe loan seeker might be badly in hire of the money and will accept all the conditions of the lender.Western people generally and the UK people in particular have a have a clothing of spending all the money they earned and they dont bother much about the need of saving for the future. Whenever they are in need of a bulk amount for purchasing a home or car they will approach the banks or other financial institutions for loan. These financial institutions are flying to help everybody irrespective of their financial capabilities before the reliable global economic problems started. But at present most of the financial institutions have tightened the screws by enforcing rigid rules and regulations for granting loans for individuals. Housing market is one of the most important sectors as far as the loan exercise is concerned. Some of the statistics available for the UK housing market in 2009 is given below. in that location were 6,200 first-time buyer loans for properties between the old threshold of 125,000 and the temporary threshold of 175,000, representing 32% of the 19,700 loans to first-time buyers in September. In addition, 7,800 first-time buyers (40%) bought properties valued below the 125,000 original threshold. There were 7,300 home mover loans for properties between 125,000 and 175,000 which was 24% of the 31,000 loans to home movers in September (One third of first-time buyers make lucky stamp duty escape, 2009)It is evident from the table that the borrowing habits in the housing market go on increasing. Because of the current recession, the criteria for lending have been tightened by many financial institutions and even then the borrowing habits were non affected.House prices are skyrocketing year after year and the earnings of the ordinary people are not enough to meet even for their daily expenses. The current global financial crisis has come

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget Essay

Appropriation of The Department of Defense From The Federal Budget - Essay Example agree to the Department of Defense, the Bush administration in the US has fought the struggle on terror on the offensive to counter any proposed, planned terror attacks and to uproot terror camps in places such as Afghanistan and Iraq. The Defense subdivision has claimed that the US military has been able to remove threats to US security in Afghanistan and Iraq and has liberated 50 million people of these countries. The Defense department has likewise claimed that it has raised pay levels for US service men and women and the rise in pay levels has been 21% with expanded targeted pays and bonuses. The military personnel and their families are also provided with better services and housing through new constructions and privatization. The demur budget has also shown an improverd spending by 26% and this has been able to transform the Nations defenses with the largest increase in military spending rec orded since the Reagan administration. To improve readiness rates, transformational and joint training program has also been launched in the defense department with increased research and development funding by 56%. The Defense department has also claimed that there has been doubled investments in missile defense systems and the first ever world and sea based systems have been deployed (provided by the Department of Defense statement, 2005). The US defense agenda thus seems to be based on a war on terror, improving housing quality of military personnel, increased research and development in defense sectors, and increased pay for military personnel. The Department of defense gives further arguments in favour of an increased defense budget since the time of Reagans presidential administration. According to the Department of Defense, the following reasons of Defense spending have been advanced. According to the Department of Defense, the Bush administrations agenda and defense spendi ng - advances and promotes US ongoing efforts in the world(prenominal) War on Terror provides for $401.7 billion of Defense Departments base budget, and this indicates an one-year increase of seven percent, for a total increase in defense spending of 35 percent since 2001 makes considerable progress in transforming the Department to satiate new threats and prepared to face new challenges and continues improvements in the quality of life for US military personnel and their families by providing them with higher pay and better homes. (Department of Defense, 2005)Global war on terror and the need to meet new threats seem to have shaped the defense budget and increased defense spending to a whopping $401.7 billion with an annual increase of 7% and a total increase of as high as 35% since 2001. In comparison, Chinas Defense budget has also increased from $22 billion to nearly $30 billion in 2005. Thus although US defense spending seems to have shown a fast(a) rise since the September 11 attacks in 2001, Chinas defense budget has shown drastic increases after 2002. Chinas defense spending may have been attempting to keep pace with other(a) countries and defense budget has increased by 12.6%. Chinas defense spending is higher than that of Taiwan, India or South Korea. Although Chinas defense s

Three Main Problems in the Middle East Essay Example for Free

Three Main Problems in the ticker easterly EssayThe Middle East, as the West calls the Islamic realm in Southwestern Asian continent, had been the focus of realityy recent studies. The regions key role in shaping global preservation and politics could be the main reasons why the Middle East became so intriguing within the circles of academic debates, political policies and other similar venues. freshlys from this region usually carries banner stories of suicide bombings, wars, terrorism and similarly outrageous reportage. Thus, Middle East was portrayed to the public as land or chaos, tyranny and conglomerate conspiracies and violence. Although the Middle East has a rich history of its people, culture and political sovereignty, it had long been disregarded especially that the focus of most historiography and social sciences be on the Western civilizations. . Throughout the course of societal evolutions, the Middle East had always been portrayed as the villain and the Wes t so often portrayed as the arbiter and the good guys in wars and other social turmoil that happened in the region for the past centuries.Despite numerous attempts to deeply probe into the secrets of the region, the Islamic area had always been subjected to the probing eyes of the global community. It had long been misunderstood, maybe because of ignorance to the real situation in the Middle East that, that this part of the world is no mans land because of terrorism and tyrants which the Western powers so despise. Hence, the dilemma that world faces regarding the situation in the Middle East is a problem caused by ignorance of the historic background which had molded the regions economic, political and cultural dynamism. On the outside it could be viewed as a static block of nation-states, firmly anchored on Islamist fanaticism but much like any other country, the people are waging a struggle in various ways possible to variety show the existing order. This paper aims to break t he notion that the Islamic Middle East is a rigid desert of ideological uniformity (Beinin Stork 7).Often that terrorism was united to Islamic doctrines since the United States waged its global war on terror. Arbitrarily, the policies that sought to counter terrorism were not really directed to the ultimate cessation of terrorism as a tool for anarchic ends but were effectively used to control the economic and political life of the countries in this region. It was effectively manipulated that from the true circumspection of terrorist movements the assistance was diverted to superficial outlets that were less likely to resolve the conflict, both external and internal. The lack of unity of the Middle Eastern nations can be viewed as matchless of the reasons why this region is continually deprived of West-defined peace and stability. One possible answer is that Western powers provoke greatly profited from the absence of a uniting factor among Muslim neighbors. Though almost all of these Muslim nations had laws and forms of government highly adhesive to ghostly thought, there were still varied interpretations in the context of religious approaches to state affairs, not to mention the sectarian divisions within Islam. Take Iran and Iraq for example. Although there were reasons for the war between these two nations in 1980s, the sectarian differences of the two nations stick out greatly affected the course of the war for domination of the Persian Gulf (Moghadam 136-138).The Islamic nations were landmarkd by certain issues that had created a vast misunderstanding among themselves. The dilemma brought by secularist ideas caused the rifts between and among governments to worsen. Islam was at the very first of this dilemma. Its nature had long been argued, whether it is a religion or a civilization. The answer to this question however is not on the religious aspect itself but on the political side of the. Islams definition is a matter of political refinement t hat was effectively sown to distract the focus of scholars in finding the answer to the question of why Islamic militance, radicalism and fundamentalism (Filali-Ansary 196-197). In the centuries that have passed, nationalism was developed in the Middle East collect to external threats, especially those that was posed by Western colonial powers. Nationalism in other nations such as Turkey and Iran went far beyond the limits of nationhood.At some point during Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and Shah Pahlavis reign, touched even the religious aspect of the nation such that they even used military force to impose a Western concept of nationhood, one which is secular (Hashemi 168). However, through the decades, Islamic modernism had been witnessed which broadened the spectrum for political commonality. These types of deviation from the Islamic codification and norms among Islamic societies were the start of a about betrayal of the Islamic chord. Those countries that have embraced westernizatio n were isolated from the Islamic fundamentalist section of the Muslim nations. Such embrace of the infidels culture was to them a profanation of the Islamic customs. If history will be reviewed this divisions were more of cultural in essence. For hundreds of years, the Islamic states turn against each other for subjugation. The Ottomans annexed Egypt and many other nations in the Mediterranean belt. This display of hostility towards each other became vital in the ferment of suspicion between each nation (Moaddel 128-129).The dilemma of the forming a single political force cannot be only be blamed on the religious aspects of the society but besides of foreign control and domination. The vast oilfields of the region had been stimulate for Western powers so that they supported some regimes and made use of tactical alliances during the Soviet annexation of Afghaniistan in the 80s. The House of Saud of Saudi Arabia for example had loaded ties to European regimes since many of these regimes have economic interests in the region (Beinin Stork 4). This had been aggravated by the current developments in world politics directly concerning the region.The terror delirium and the subsequent wars thereafter grappled Afghanistan and Iraq further divided the Islamic world. Regimes friendly to the United States were caught in the middle of the squabble. George W. Bushs pronouncements in the onset of the war on terror forced these regimes to support the anti-terror war lest they would be with the terrorists. Such actions were explicitly influential in the polarization of the Middle East. Samuel Huntington was quoted on the exact description of the implications of this causaOn the other hand, the clash of civilizations thesis resurfaces and reverberates. Even though many refused Samuel Huntingtons thesis for its simplistic and essentialist depiction of cultures and cultural interaction, his conceptual framework proven its resilience, particularly with the September 11, 2 001 terrorist attacks. Islam quickly became the inscrutable, violent, and intractable Other, a threat to spareist democratic values (Arat 2).The rationale of the war on terror, as claimed by US propagandists, is aimed at the Islamic regimes was to promote land in the backward governments that are hospitable to or actually promotes terrorist organization. In countries wherein the regimes are somewhat committed to the liberal democratic ideologysome 250 million USD that USAID alone spent in the Arab world on projects and programs related to DP () certainly seems more than the negligible marrow of money, this must be contrasted with the roughly one billion USD the United States appends each year in Egypt alone on military aid for the Mubarak regime. Some observers have recently depicted the forward strategy for freedom in the Middle East announced by the Bush administration as a major(ip) shift from former US policies toward the region, emphasizing today the importance of democrat ic rule as opposed tostrategies based on the primacy of stability over democracy (Schlumberger 37-38).The Middle East was an easy prey for US military campaigns primarily because of the forms of government that these nations have adopted. It was easy to claim in totalitarian regimes that these nations must be introduced to democracy and liberate the people from the clutches of Islamic dictatorships.Such was being used today in Iran in the face of nuclear weapons issue, Syria on its tender-hearted rights records, and Libya on its anti-imperialist stance, while others have remained to be isolated from their people because of their failure to address the concerns of the citizens. A post- invasion Iraq have had experienced the resurgence of Islamic militancy and fundamentalism in the outset of a US-backed puppet regime. Such events even drove the conflict outside the borders of Iraq and spilled through Syria, Iran, and Egypt, only to call off a few, in the name of aiding their Muslim brothers (Beinin Stork 7).It should be understood though that this politicization of Islam did not occur overnight. This could again be traced from the past centuries and decades of Western domination. The Crusades in the middle ages could even be the microbe of this politicization. But most notably, this politicization was most effectively utilized by the US against the Soviet Union in the 80s during the Afghan war.After the Afghan war these radicalized freedom fighters were transformed into terrorist groups and from then on political Islam has been interchanged with fundamentalism, militant Islamic movements and the like to directly associate genuine liberation movements to terrorism and derogate the legitimate issues raised by these groups (Beinin Stork 5). Both served the US in ridding it of its enemies and protecting its allied regimes against internal liberation movements.The question now arises whether democracy would be possible in Islamic societies. Some do believe. It is said that these societies were torn into two governing laws. One of those is Islamic or the sharia and the other, secular. There had been stressed points that states that these governments, though harboring the Islamic hierarchy of powers still consider a consultative form of governing, thus a democratic interaction among the ruler and ruled (Filali-Ansary 200). What is unique in the Middle East is that in order to reinstate the Islamic laws as the supreme judicial system is through revolution which has happened in Iran. Such was the perceptions in the Middle East that women, as a part of the revolutionary process, were restricted. HoweverIn Iran as of 1994, 30 percent of government employees were women, and 40 percent of university students were women, up from 12 percent in 1978. In the past few decades, women have thus made significant, but uneven, strides in the labor forceHassan al-Turabi claims that women in Sudan have played a more important role in the National Islamic Fro nt than men recently in all aspects of party, in Parliament, and as ministers and judges. Segregation is definitely not a part of Islam.though his claims in Sudan are disputedit is clear that women elsewhere in the Muslim World Morocco, Jordan, EgyptTurkey do lead political office (Eickelmann and Piscatori 95)Within this basis one could assert initially that women are not bound to the patriarchal society, but in order to real say that women have had complete freedom, would rest on the cultural and religious aspects of the society. But along with these concerns the forces of democratization have failed to touch the issues on gender. This issue in the Middle Eastern nations had been raising a movement by women who had, despite the conflicts that the patriarchal regimes fight, lack in total consideration of the women (Moghadam 139).Regimes may be considered as progressives in terms of political and economic stance but there is a difficulty in assessing whether theses same government s would consider the question on gender. Proving this may be difficult because of the religious aspect of the concern which all regimes, pro or anti-US, share. These seemingly centuries old threats to the Islamic societies from the outside caused by rifts within the regimes themselves had also been supplemented by internal difficulties which these regimes face (Dris-Ait-Hamadouche 117).Even though the states were divided by the political tensions developed by the combination of historical and contemporary Western influences, women in the Middle East are somewhat united in their fight for womens right in the predominantly patriarchal culture of the Islamic nation. The issue of gender is completely intertwined with the issue of secularization (Nanes 113-115). Different governments were torn between allowing certain liberal manifestations of secular authority in public places and religious considerations (Najmabadi 240-241). Seemingly, the problems of the Middle East with regards to th e political and cultural aspects are not to be considered as solitary and independent of the economy. The reason that Western powers are interested in the liberal democratic conception of regimes is because of the economic interests that US has with the resource rich desserts. The only conclusive message that these events relay to us is that these were all concocted in order to divide the Islamic world and extinguish its formidable force against foreign interests especially that of US. Islamic Middle East had long been captured in that policy cage and until the resources are there, the clutches of US hegemony in the Islamic world will never loosen.Works CitedArat, Yesim. Rethinking Islam and Liberal country Islamist Women in Turkish governance. New York State University of New York Press, 2005.Beinin, Joel, and Joe Stork. On the Modernity, Historical Specificity, and International Context of Political Islam. Political Islam Essays from Middle East Report. Eds. Joel Beinin and Joe Stork. Los Angeles University of California Press, 1997.Dris-Ait-Hamadouche, Louisa. Women in the Maghreb Civil Societys Actors or Political Instruments? Middle East Policy 14.4 (2007).Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori. The Firmest Ties and the Ties That Bind The Politics of Family and Ethnicity. Muslim Politics. New JerseyFilali-Ansary, Abdou. Muslims and Democracy. Islam and Democracy in the Middle East. Eds. Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner and Daniel Brumberg. London The John Hopkins University Press, 2003.Hashemi, Nader A. Islamic Fundamentalism and the Trauma of modernisation Reflections on Religion and Radical Politics. An Islamic Reformation? Eds. Michaelle Browers and Charles Kurzman. New York Lexington Books.Moaddel, Mansoor. Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism Episode and Discourse. Chicago The University of Chicago Press.Moghadam, Valentine. A Tale of Two Countries State, Society, and Gender Politics in Iran and Afghanistan. The Muslim World 94.Octobe r 2004 (2004).Moghadam, Valentine. Patriarchy in Transition Women and the Changing Family in the Middle East. Journal of Comparative Family Studies 35.2 (2004) 137.Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Gender and Secularismhow Can a Muslim Woman Be French? Feminist Studies 32.2 (2006) 239.Nanes, Stefanie Eileen. Fighting Honor Crimes Evidence of Civil Society in Jordan. The Middle East Journal 57.1 (2003).Schlumberger, Oliver. Dancing with Wolves Dillemas of Democracy Promotion in Authoritarian Context. Democratization and Development New Political Strategies for the Middle East. Ed. Dietrich Jung. New York Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.Princeton University Press, 1996.